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The Beechcraft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation. Historically, the King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into two families: the Model 90 series, Model 100 series (these models comprising the King Air family), Model 200 series and Model 300 series. The latter two models were originally marketed as the "Super King Air" family, but the "Super" was dropped in 1996.
The Super King Air family has been in continuous production since 1974, the longest production run of any civilian turboprop aircraft in its class. It has outlasted all of its previous competitors and as of 2007 the only other aircraft in its class is the Piaggio P.180 Avanti. In addition, the Beechcraft 1900 was derived from the King Air 200.
The Model 200 was originally conceived as the Model 101 in 1969, and was a development of the Model 100 King Air. The Model 200 had essentially the same fuselage as the Model 100, with changes to the rear fuselage to accommodate a new T-tail (in place of the 100's conventional tail with all-moving trimmable horizontal stabiliser) and structural changes to allow higher maximum pressurisation. Apart from the T-tail, other changes included Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-41 engines rated at 850 shp instead of the 680 shp engines of the Model A100 then in production, and a wing of increased span and extra fuel capacity. Overall, the 200 was 3 ft 10 in (or 1.17 m) longer than the A100, with wingspan 4 ft 3 in (or 1.29 m) greater, containing 60 US gallons (230 l) more fuel. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) was increased by 1,000 lb (or 450 kg). After protracted development including extensive wind tunnel testing of the design (especially of the T-tail which was tunnel-tested for 375 hours), the first prototype flew for the first time on 27 October 1972; a second prototype took to the air on 15 December the same year. Three production aircraft were also built in 1972 and delivered to the US Army; these three were designated Model A100-1s by Beechcraft and were given the military designation RU-21J; the first of some 400 T-tail King Airs to be ordered by the US armed forces. The 200 received civil certification in December 1973 and the first civil delivery took place in February 1974.
In 1976 Beechcraft developed the Model 200T, a version configured for aerial surveying or reconnaissance. The prototype was created by modifiying a Model 200 aircraft; the modifications included changes to the belly aft of the wing to allow photography with a vertical camera, provision for a surveillance radar in a pod under the fuselage, dome-shaped windows on the sides of the rear fuselage to allow observation directly below the aircraft by occupants, and a 50 US gallon (170 litre) useable capacity fuel tank on each wingtip to increase the aircraft's range. Customers could specifiy any combination of these modifications when ordering a 200T; all 200Ts were Model 200s modified at the factory and given new constructor's numbers.
The next model to appear was the Model 200C in 1979; this version had a large cargo door on the LH side of the rear fuselage with an airstair door similar to the Model 200's door built into it. The door opening was 4 ft 4 in (or 1.33 m) high and 4 ft 4 in (or 1.33 m) wide, allowing a large range of items to be loaded into the cabin. The Model 200C found favour with many operators who fitted them out internally as Air Ambulances. The 200C was built from scratch rather than as a modification of the Model 200. The Model A200C military version was developed concurrently. In 1981 a Model 200C was modified as the Model 200CT, fitted with the same wingtip fuel tanks as installed on Model 200Ts; there was only one 200CT, but it led to other aircraft after an updated version of the Model 200 entered production.
This updated and improved version was the Model B200, which entered production in 1981. It was fitted with PT6A-42 engines, still rated at 850 shp but with improvements that resulted in greater aircraft performance. Other changes included increased maximum pressurisation (to 6.5 psi differential) and changes to the cockpit layout. The Model 200C gave way to the Model B200C the same year, with the first Model B200T and Model B200CT being modified from a B200 and B200C respectively the following year. Commencing in 1984 the B200, B200C and their derivatives were fitted with a revised landing gear retraction mechanism, actuated by hydraulic rams powered by an electric pump installed in the LH wing. This replaced the earlier electro-mechanical retraction system of gearboxes, driveshafts and chains and sprockets that was a throwback to the Twin Bonanza. At the same time the propellers fitted were changed from 3-bladed Hartzells to 3-bladed McCauleys. 47 B200Cs built that year were delivered to the US military, with dozens more of a similar standard ordered in subsequent years but not given official civil model designations.
A total of 14 B200s were produced in 1989 and 1990 in a 13-seat high density configuration with a belly cargo pod, these were marketed by Beechcraft as a commuter airliner under the designation Model 1300. Customers for this version included Mesa Airlines. The propeller installation changed again in 1992, when Beechcraft started offering the option of having 4-bladed Hartzell or McCauley props, or 3-bladed Hartzell props; the 3-bladed McCauleys were no longer available. From October 1995 Beechcraft offered an updated B200 with Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) avionics, this was marketed as the "B200SE Super King Air" (for Special Edition). The following year the "Super" name was dropped from all marketing and advertising. In October 2003 Beechcraft announced another avionics upgrade for the B200, the Rockwell Collins Proline 21 suite.
The B200 was produced until the second half of 2007 and the B200C was available for order up to that time, although no B200Cs had been built for almost two years (the most recent were delivered in early 2006 for use as air ambulances in Scotland).
The US Army, US Air Force, US Navy, and the US Marine Corps all fly versions of the Super King Air today. As noted above some have been "off-the-shelf" civil versions but the majority have been purpose-built for the military and were treated by Beechcraft and the FAA as a separate series, the A200 series. A significant minority of military versions are known purely by their military designations, with no FAA model designations being assigned to them, although they do have basically-equivalent civilian model counterparts. The military designation varies from service to service, but most are called C-12 Huron or UC-12. These are used for personnel transport. The Army also operates the RC-12 Guardrail series of aircraft for military intelligence missions.
The Canadian Air Force (CAF) took delivery of two second-hand early-production Model 200 Super King Airs leased from Awood Air in 1990. These were given the designation CT-145 under the CAF's identification system and were used as multi-engine trainers, replacing Douglas C-47s. One was subsequently returned to the lessor and a third Model 200 placed into service in order that the two aircraft used would have the same cockpit layout. The two aircraft were replaced by eight civilian-operated 90 Model King Airs in 1995.
The King Air 200 design proved to be sound, and so Beech considered a jet-powered version in the mid-1970s. The first prototype King Air 200 was re-engined with Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofans in overwing nacelles. Given the designation PD 290 (for Preliminary Design), the aircraft was flown in this configuration for the first time on 12 March 1975. Beech did not pursue production, and the last flight was made on 30 September 1977. Beech later purchased the Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond design, producing it as the Beechjet 400.
The 200 series proved so popular that Beechcraft began work on a successor, with the Beechcraft designation Model 300 and marketed as the "Super King Air 300". The B200's airframe was 'cleaned up' and even more powerful engines (PT6A-60A, rated at 1050 shp) installed in redesigned cowlings (known as "pitot cowlings" due to the reshaped engine air intakes), with MTOW increased to 14,000 lb (or 6,300 kg). A Model 200 was modified to develop the updated systems to be used on the new model and flew in this configuration on 6 October 1981. The first flight of the prototype Model 300 took place on 3 September 1983 and deliveries commenced the following year. Because not all nations would then allow an aircraft of this type to be certified at a MTOW greater than 12,500 lb (5,700 kg), the Model 300LW was also developed at the same time, limited to the lower MTOW. Nineteen examples of a special version of the Model 300 were delivered to the FAA in 1987 and 1988. The first two were conversions of standard Model 300s, while the remaining 17 were purpose-built; since they were delivered the FAA has used the fleet to check the extensive network of navaids in the USA. 200 and 300 Series King Airs are or have been used for similar duties in several other countries, including Australia, Germany, Hong Kong (a B200C used for navaid calibration was the first aircraft to land at the then-new Chek Lap Kok Airport in 1996), Sweden and Taiwan.
By 1988, Beechcraft had begun work on the replacement for the 300. The fuselage of the 300 was stretched by nearly three feet with two extra cabin windows on each side and winglets added to the wigtips to create the Model B300, introduced in 1990 and initially marketed as the "Super King Air 350". MTOW was increased again to 15,000 lb (6,750 kg); as the same regulatory situation that led to the development of the 300LW still existed, that model continued to be produced until 1994. Like the 200 and B200 before it, a version with a large cargo door was developed, the Model B300C marketed as the "Super King Air 350C". The first deliveries of this model also took place in 1990. In 1998 the UltraQuiet Active Noise Cancelling system made by Ultra Electronics was added as standard equipment on all B300s. In October 2003 Beechcraft announced that it would deliver future B300 and B300C King Airs with the Rockwell Collins Proline 21 avionics suite.
The B300 model remained in production far into the 21st century (as the "King Air 350"), while the B300C is available for order; four had been built by 2007.
One special variant B300C was built for the Swiss Air Force, with a modified belly to allow aerial photography and a large observation window in the RH rear fuselage; and given a c/no. with a different prefix to other B300Cs.
One of the last B300s built without Proline 21 avionics was c/no. FL-372 and Beechcraft found it difficult to sell this aircraft until it was purchased by Hawker Pacific in Australia for lease to the Royal Australian Air Force; the RAAF had already leased seven B300s in 2003 that were subsequently modified as navigator trainers and wanted another aircraft with the same avionics. Hawker Pacific later leased another three B300s to the Australian Army, replacing B200 and B200C Model King Airs.
The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force operates six B300s in the reconnaissance and communications roles under the designation LR-2. The aircraft were delivered between 1998 and 2004 and include the last B300 built without the Proline 21 avionics package.
Super King Airs of the Argentine Navy saw active service during the Falklands War of 1982, used on night-time transport missions between Argentina and the islands.
A B300 was used as the presidential transport aircraft of Paraguay between 1991 and 1994.
On 24 June 1996, the 5,000th King Air, a Model B300, was delivered. Less than nine years later, on 24 January 2005, the 6,000th B200 was delivered.
The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (RFDS) is a long-term major operator of B200 and B200C King Airs (and previously Queen Airs and 90 series King Airs) as Air Ambulances. In all about three dozen 200 series King Airs have served with the RFDS. One was destroyed in a fatal crash near Mount Gambier, South Australia on 10 December 2001 while others have been retired and replaced by newer King Airs.
A large number of military King Airs have been retired and of these, many have entered civil service with Law Enforcement and other government organisations in the United States such as State Police and Sheriff Departments.
Beechcraft intended that the Super King Air would be replaced by the Starship, a very advanced aircraft that proved to be a commercial failure due to its inferior performance compared to what was originally promised, and high purchase price. While most of the Starship fleet has been scrapped, the King Air continues to sell in healthy numbers.
In roughly chronological order, the 200 and 300 Series King Air variants and production numbers are:
Model 200: Prototypes and initial production version, 858 built, including those converted to Model 200Ts; first prototype converted to PD 290 jet aircraft and first three production aircraft delivered to US Army as Model A100-1.
Model A200: First model purpose-built for US military (Army and Air Force); 75 built.
Model 200T: Version with removable wingtip fuel tanks similar to those fitted to the competing Piper Cheyenne, optional dome-shaped side windows in the rear fuselage, and modified belly to allow aerial photography. Prototype and subsequent aircraft coverted from Model 200s and re-serialled; 23 delivered.
Model A200C: Second military model built for US Navy and USMC with cargo door in LH rear fuselage; 90 built.
Model 200C: Civil equivalent to A200C; 36 built.
Model A200CT: Third military model, built for US Army with cargo door and wingtip fuel tanks of Model 200T; 93 built.
Model 200CT: Civil equivalent to A200CT; one aircraft converted from Model 200C c/no. BL-24 and re-serialled as c/no. BN-1.
Model B200: Updated version of Model 200. About 1,140 built, including those converted to Model B200Ts.
Model B200C: Version of B200 with cargo door, 110 built; 47 to US Air Force as C-12Fs.
Model B200T: Version of B200 similar to Model 200T; aircraft converted from Model B200s and re-serialled. 23 delivered.
Model B200CT: Version of B200C with wingtip fuel tanks; all aircraft converted from B200Cs and re-serialled. Eight delivered to Marina de Guerra del Perú and Israeli Air Force. C/nos. BN-5 to BN-9, built for the Israeli Air Force, are not certified by the FAA. Another two similar aircraft were built for the Israeli Air Force without a Beech designation.
Model 300: Two versions, the standard with increased MTOW of 14,000 lb (6,300 kg) and the Model 300LW with MTOW limited to 12,500 lb (5,700 kg) to meet the aviation regulatory requirements of various countries. 247 built, of which 35 were Model 300LWs.
Model B300: Stretched model with two extra cabin windows each side of forward fuselage and winglets on wingtips; in production. About 570 built as of December 2007.
Model B300C: Version of B300 with cargo door.
Model B200GT: Updated version of B200; current civil production model. About 40 built as of December 2007.
Almost 6,500 aircraft of the King Air line have been delivered and operated by corporate, commercial, military and special mission operations in more than 94 countries. About 52% of the aircraft delivered have been from the 200/300 series family.
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