(Lockheed) F-104 Starfighter @·AIRCRAFTUBE

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    The XF-104
  • Lockheed NF-104<br>Chuck Yeager - 1963 Lockheed NF-104<br>Chuck Yeager - 1963
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    F-104A-15-LO (Hamilton AFB, California, 1958)
  • Lockheed F-104B Starfighter Lockheed F-104B Starfighter
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  • YF-104A of AFFTC (US Air Force Flight Test Center), Edwards AFB YF-104A of AFFTC (US Air Force Flight Test Center), Edwards AFB
    YF-104A of AFFTC (US Air Force Flight Test Center), Edwards AFB
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    F-104A at NACA HSFS (High Speed Flight Station) program, Dryden 1960
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    F-104G Starfighter
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  • The M61 cannon The M61 cannon
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  • Lockheed F-104G Starfighter Lockheed F-104G Starfighter
    Lockheed F-104G Starfighter
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    TF-104G
  • TF-104G (NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER, 1961) TF-104G (NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER, 1961)
    TF-104G (NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER, 1961)

Lockheed F-1O4 Starfighter

The F-1O4 was the first American fighter capable of constant speeds higher than Mach 2. Assembled at the Lockheed Burbank factory (California) the first of two prototypes designed by Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, the XF-104, made its first flight on 28 February 1954, with A.W. "Tony" Vier at the controls. Followed 17 pre production YF-104A powered by the J79-GE-3A engine developing a maximum trust of 15,700 lb.

Entering operations in January 1958, the 1O4 met little success within the USAF, mainly because of its limited operating range and lack of flexibility. The F-104A (153 built) and the J79-GE-7 powered F-104C were withdrawn in 1968, after a long series of accidents (at least 73). The machine was even grounded three months after it entered operations, to fix the repeated engine failures and the very odd design of the ejector seat that fired downwards.

It is in Europe, in the NATO countries that the machine knew its most significant career. The F-104G was assembled in great numbers by countries such as Belgium (101), West Germany (749), Denmark (40), Greece (45), the Netherlands (120), Turkey (46), Norway (19) and Italy (125). It is unfortunately in Germany that the F-104G was granted a very sad record for the number of crashes, with an accident rate of 139 for each 10,000 hours flown. The machine was indeed very unforgiving when it came to piloting mistakes. The need for flying with maximum load, associated with the very demanding local climate were the main reasons for all these catastrophes.

In addition to anti-ship missions, the F-104G was also adapted to the carrying of nuclear loads, the later being pylon mounted below the fuselage. The only defence armament that remained in this configuration was its internal Vulcan gun. The "RECCE", or recognition version RF-104G, was better armed with four air-to-air Sidewinder missiles.

The plane was also assembled in Canada under the CF-104 designation, in Japan where Mitsubishi produced 210 F-104J between 1962 and 1967. In the mid Nineties, the last country using the 104 in great numbers was Taiwan, with 7 operational squadrons and a recognition unit (F-104G Stargazer)

With its revolutionary design when it came out, the F-1O4 was often compared to a "controlled missile", in particular because of the dimensions and shape of the wings. Those were so sharp that protections had to be placed on the ground to avoid accidental wounds to maintenance personnel. To improve stall characteristics, high pressure air from the engine compressor was blown over the wing, making low speed control even more dependent with respect to the power plant.

The last American Starfighter was withdrawn from service with NASA in 1994 where it was used in various research missions. NF-104A, of which 3 specimens were built for cosmonaut training, is not the least spectacular variation, with its additional Rocketdyne AR-2 solid fuel rocket engine mounted at the tail base.

In the single-seat version, a total of 2,221 Starfighter planes had been built when production ended in 1979.

Another 359 two-seater versions were built too, to start with the F-104B (26 machines) and F-104D (21 machines) which were used by the USAF from 1956. For NATO, the Burbank and Palmdale factories produced the TF-104G, in addition to the machines assembled in the different destination countries: The F-104F and TF-104G in Germany, F-104DJ in Japan, CF-104D in Canada. The equipment of the two-seater plane is very similar to the standard version, put aside the 20 mm Vulcan machine-gun which is replaced by an additional fuel tank.

Alenia F-104ASA

In Europe, the plane remained operational long after the end of the century. In Italy, on the basis of the F-104S assembled by AERITALIA, the firm worked on a modified version from 1981. Propelled by version 19 of the General Electric engine, 153 F-104ASA (Aggiornamento Sistema d'Arma) underwent a complete upgrade of their electronics systems. Among the many improvements, let us note a new Doppler fire control radar with automatic frequency change, a single pulse guidance radar associated with what is the evolution of the AIM-7E Sparrow missile developed by Selenia: the Aspide Mk1. The ALQ-70 counter measures system and a four digit NATO I.F.F. system supplements this list of improvements. The new miniaturised electronics made it possible to mount the 20 mm Vulcan rotary gun in its original position again. The first production machine flew for the first time in July 1983, the last one being operational by end 1991.

In 1990 was born the Alenia group, resulting from the regrouping of Aeritalia and Selenia factories.

Variants

  • XF-104: Two prototype aircraft equipped with Wright J65 engines. No operational equipment.
  • YF-104A: 17 pre-production aircraft used for engine, equipment, and flight testing.
  • F-104A: 153 initial production versions. In USAF service from 1958 through 1960, then transferred to ANG until 1963 when they were recalled by the USAF Air Defense Command for the 319th and 331st Fighter Interceptor Squadrons. Some were released for export to Jordan, Pakistan, and Taiwan, each of whom used it in combat. In 1967 the 319th F-104As and Bs were re-engined with the J79-GE-19 engines with 17,900 lbs of thrust in afterburner. Service ceiling with this engine was in excess of 73,000 feet (22,250 m). In 1969 all the F-104A/Bs in ADC service were retired.
  • NF-104A: Three demilitarized versions with 6,000 lbf (27 kN) Rocketdyne LR121/AR-2-NA-1 rocket engines, used for astronaut training at altitudes up to 120,800 ft (36,830 m). (A December 10, 1963 accident involving Chuck Yeager was depicted in the movie The Right Stuff, although the aircraft in the film was not an actual NF-104A.)
  • QF-104A: 22 F-104As converted as radio-controlled drones and test aircraft.
  • F-104B: 26 dual-control trainer versions of F-104A. No cannon and reduced internal fuel, but otherwise combat-capable. A few were supplied to Pakistan and Taiwan.
  • F-104C: 71 Fighter bomber versions for USAF Tactical Air Command, with improved fire-control radar (AN/ASG-14T-2), centerline and two wing pylons (for a total of five), and ability to carry one Mk.28 or Mk.43 nuclear weapon on centerline pylon. The 476th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed to Vietnam in April 1965 through July 1965, losing one Starfighter; the 436th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed to Vietnam in July 1965 through October 1965, losing four Starfighters; the 435th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed from June 1966 through July 1967, at which time they transitioned to F-4 Phantoms, and had lost nine F-104 Starfighters during their tour. No air-to-air kills were scored, although the Starfighters were successful in deterring MiG interceptors. Vietnam-serving F-104s were upgraded in service with APR-25/26 radar warning receiver equipment. Nine were lost in combat.
  • F-104D: 21 dual-control trainer versions of F-104C.
  • F-104DJ: 20 dual-control trainer version of F-104J for Japanese Self-Defense Air Force, built by Lockheed rather than Mitsubishi.
  • F-104F: 30 dual-control trainer based on F-104D, but using the upgraded engine of the F-104G. No radar, and not combat-capable. Produced as interim trainers for the Luftwaffe.
  • F-104G: 1,122 aircraft in major production version as multi-role fighter bomber aircraft. Built by four groups of European companies, Canadair and Lockheed. Strengthened fuselage and wings, increased internal fuel capacity, enlarged vertical fin, heavier landing gear, revised flaps for improved combat maneuvering. New Autonetics NASARR F15A-41B radar with air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, Litton LN-3 inertial navigation (the first on a production fighter), infrared sight.
  • RF-104G: 189 tactical reconnaissance models based on F-104G, usually with three KS-67A cameras mounted in the forward fuselage in place of cannon.
  • TF-104G: 220 combat-capable trainer version of F-104G; no cannon or centerline pylon, reduced internal fuel. One civil version, civil registration number L104L, was used by Jackie Cochran to set three women's world speed records in 1964.
  • F-104J: 178 of the Japanese version, built under license by Mitsubishi for the air-superiority fighter role, armed with cannon and four Sidewinders; no strike capability.
  • F-104N: Three F-104Gs delivered to NASA in 1963 for use as high-speed chase aircraft. One, piloted by Joe Walker, collided with the XB-70 on 8 June 1966.
  • F-104S: 246 Italian versions produced mainly by FIAT, upgraded for interception role having NASARR R-21G/H radar with moving-target indicator and continuous-wave illuminator for SARH missiles (initially AIM-7 Sparrow), two additional wing and two underbelly hardpoints (total of nine), more powerful J79-GE-19 engine with 11,870 lbf and 17,900 lbf thrust, and two additional ventral fins for increased stability. The M61 cannon was sacrificed to make room for the radar, and was never restored in subsequent CI variants, but always fitted in CB (fighter-bomber) variants. Up to two Sparrow; and two, theoretically four or six Sidewinder missiles were carried on all the hardpoints except the central (underbelly), or seven 340 kg bombs (normally two-four 227-340 kg). Range was up to 1,250 km with four tanks, ferry range 2,940 km.
  • F-104S-ASA: (Aggiornamento Sistemi d'Arma - "Weapon Systems Update") - 147 upgraded Italian version having Fiat R21G/M1 radar with frequency hopping, look-down/shoot-down capability, new IFF and weapons delivery computer, provision for AIM-9L all-aspect Sidewinder, Selenia Aspide missiles.
  • F-104S-ASA/M: (Aggiornamento Sistemi d'Arma/Modificato - "Weapon Systems Update/Modified") - 49 single-seat and 15 two-seat (former TF-104G) upgraded from 1998 to ASA/M standard with GPS, new TACAN and Litton LN-30A2 INS, refurbished airframe, improved cockpit displays. All strike-related equipment was removed. The last Starfighters in combat service, they were withdrawn in December 2004 and temporarily replaced by the F-16 Fighting Falcon, while awaiting Eurofighter Typhoon deliveries.
  • CF-104: 200 Canadian-built versions, built under license by Canadair and optimized for nuclear strike, having NASARR R-24A radar with air-to-air modes, cannon deleted (restored after 1972), additional internal fuel cell, and Canadian J79-OEL-7 engines with 10,000 lbf (44 kN) /15,800 lbf (70 kN) thrust.
  • CF-104D: 38 dual-control trainer versions of CF-104, built by Lockheed, but with Canadian J79-OEL-7 engines. Some later transferred to Denmark, Norway and Turkey.
  • EWR VJ 101C (German V/STOL Starfighter): In the 60s and early 70s, Germany used the F-104 as the basis for research into a V/STOL aircraft. Although two models (X1 and X2) were built, the project was canceled due to high costs and political problems as well as changing needs of the Luftwaffe and NATO. The EWR VJ 101C did perform free VTOL take-offs and landings, as well as test flights beyond Mach 1 in the mid and late 60s. One of the test-aircraft is preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

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Source : Article Lockheed F-104 Starfighter of Wikipedia ( authors )

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter

  • Role : Interceptor aircraft, fighter-bomber.
  • National origin : United States.
  • Manufacturer : Lockheed.
  • Concept : "Kelly" Johnson.
  • First flight : 4 March 1954 (XF-104).
  • Introduction : 20 February 1958.
  • Retired : 31 October 2004 (Italy).
  • Status : Retired from military service; in use with civilian operators as warbirds.
  • Primary users :
    • United States Air Force.
    • German Air Force.
    • Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
    • Turkish Air Force.
  • Number built : 2,578.
  • Unit cost : US$1.42 million (F-104G).
  • Developed from : Lockheed XF-104 Starfighter.
  • Variants :
    • Lockheed NF-104A.
    • Canadair CF-104.
    • Aeritalia F-104S.
  • Developed into :
    • Lockheed CL-1200/X-27.
    • Lockheed CL-288.

    Specifications (F-104B)

  • Length: 54 ft 8 in.
  • Height: 13 ft 5 in.
  • Wing span: 21 ft 9 in.
  • Wing area: 196.1 sq ft.
  • Wing loading: 90 pounds per sq ft.
  • Empty weight: 13,327 lbs.
  • Max. weight: 14,912 lbs.
  • Combat weight: 17,812 lbs.
  • Max. speed: 1,145 mph at 65,000 ft
  • Cruise speed: 516 mph
  • Max. rate of climb: 50,000 ft per minute!
  • Service ceiling: 64,795 ft
  • Range (internal fuel only): 460 miles (897 US gallons, or 2,850 lbs)
  • Max. range: 1,225 miles (with wingtip tanks)
  • Engine: General Electric J79-GE-3A or 3B axial flow turbojet.
  • Thrust without afterburner: 9,600 lbs.
  • Thrust with afterburner: 14,800 lbs.

    • Specifications (F-104G)

  • Length: 54 ft 9 in (or 16.69 m).
  • Height: 13 ft 5 in (or 4.9 m).
  • Wing span: 21 ft 10 in (or 6.65 m).
  • Wing area: 196 sq ft (or 18.21 sq m).
  • Gross weight: 28,779 lb (or 13,054 kg).
  • Empty weight: 14,900 lb (or 6,760 kg).
  • Fuel: 2,583 gallon (or 9,777 l) (or 896 gallon - or 3,392 l internal).
  • Cruising Speed: 610 mph (or 530 kts - or 982 km/h) at 36,000 ft (or 11,000 m).
  • Max. Speed: 1,450 miles per hour (or 1,260 kts - or 2,334 km/h) at 36,000 ft (or 11,000 m).
  • Climb: 35,000 ft (or 10,670 m) in 1'20".
  • Service ceiling: 58,000 ft (or 17,680 m).
  • Max range: 746 mi (or 648 nm or 1,200 km) with 4 drop tanks.
  • Engine: General Electric J79-GE-11A.
  • Thrust: 15,737 lb (or 70 kN).
  • Armament: One M61A-1 Vulcan 20 mm rotating gun and 4,000 lb of external load.

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